Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey (2024)

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Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey (1)

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PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226906.

Published online 2019 Dec 27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226906

PMCID: PMC6934318

PMID: 31881047

Peta Ellen Tehan, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,1,2,* William J. Taylor, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,3 Matthew Carroll, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,2 Nicola Dalbeth, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,4,5 and Keith Rome, Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing2

Peter M. ten Klooster, Editor

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement

Abstract

Objectives

Footwear management aims to preserve foot function, reduce the burden of foot pain and maintain joint mobility in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Whilst retail footwear is commonly recommended by health professionals, there is no current consensus on recommended features of retail footwear for women with RA. This study aimed to determine consensus from health professionals about the important features of retail footwear for women with RA.

Methods

An international Delphi exercise using online survey software was conducted with 39 participants from health care backgrounds. Three iterative rounds were conducted. In the first round, participants listed features of retail footwear that would be important for women with RA. Responses of the first round, combined with results of a scoping review of patient-reported outcome measures used in assessing footwear in arthritis and a qualitative analysis of female patients’ perspectives of retail footwear in RA were used to create items for the second round. Items were scored by a 9-point rating scale with consensus defined by the RAND/UCLA disagreement index. The third round consisted of items which did not reach consensus or scored >1 on the RAND/UCLA disagreement index from round two.

Results

Fifty-eight items (n = 58) were generated for rating and at the end of three iterative rounds, there was agreement that thirty-eight items were important, that two were not important, and there was no agreement for a further eighteen items. Item themes reaching consensus included footwear characteristics and acceptability and psychosocial aspects of footwear. Footwear characteristics related to heel height, shape, cushioning, toe box size, adjustable fastening, removable insoles, mid-foot support and soft accommodative uppers. Acceptability and psychosocial aspects included affordability, comfort, aesthetic, style, colour and impact on femininity.

Conclusion

This consensus exercise has identified the important features of retail footwear for women with RA.

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common form of inflammatory arthritis affecting women, with the feet often affected [1, 2]. Non-pharmacological management of foot pain in women with RA is centered around preservation of foot function, reducing pain and maintaining mobility [3]. Footwear is the most common non-pharmacological treatment modality used to achieve these goals, with a correctly fitted and functional shoe being therapeutically valuable [35]. Conversely, a poorly fitted or inappropriate shoe can exacerbate foot pain, reduce mobility and impact overall quality of life [6]. Therapeutic (medical grade or custom made) footwear is often prescribed for women with RA, however is frequently unavailable to many women with RA due to cost [6]. Furthermore, therapeutic footwear is often not accepted by women, which reduces wearing adherence and therefore the opportunity to achieve therapeutic benefit is lost [7]. Lack of adherence with therapeutic footwear is multi-factorial, often compounded by a lack of acceptance of their underlying condition, and a disparity in expectations of the footwear [3, 7, 8]. This non-acceptance of therapeutic footwear results in many women seeking retail footwear as an alternative.

Women with RA have particular footwear requirements, with many presenting with foot pain and deformity which makes fitting retail footwear difficult [4]. Furthermore, women associate aspects of their identity and femininity with their footwear choices [8, 9]. The presence of RA can negatively impact on choice, and an ideal shoe should accommodate deformity and offer comfort, whilst offering the women choices in style [8]. Many women will look to health professionals for advice when seeking appropriate footwear [8, 10], however currently there is no consensus on what features of retail footwear are important. This Delphi survey aimed to reach consensus from health professionals about what specific retail footwear features are important for women with RA.

Method

Expert identification

A sample of health professionals were identified by the researchers (PT and KR) from the United States of America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, with expertise in RA and footwear. Participants were identified through professional networks, including New Zealand Rheumatology Association, Podiatric Rheumatology Care Association (UK), literature and guideline searching. Seventy-five (n = 75) were approached in writing and invited to participate. This number allowed for drop out at each stage. Dando [10] reported that the inclusion of a wide range of professions from a range of clinical backgrounds with a geographical diversity is good practice as it develops the participants to be a representative group [11]. A heterogenous group, with a range of stakeholders, encourages different outlooks and decision-making, which in turn enriches the data leading to better outcomes of credibility and acceptability [12]. The panel inclusion criteria were health practitioners or researchers with specialised knowledge in rheumatology and/or footwear prescription. This study received ethical approval from the Health and Disability Ethics Committee, New Zealand (17/NTB/3/AM03). All panel members provided informed electronic consent prior to participation.

Data collection

The Delphi technique was used to elicit the opinions of participating health professionals through three successive rounds of iterative questionnaires using online survey software (Qualtrics XM, Provo, UT) to identify specific retail footwear features that were important for women with RA. Responses to each round of the Delphi were collated, analysed and the results returned to participants in the form of another questionnaire until an acceptable degree of consensus was achieved [13, 14]. Reminders to participants were sent via email one week following the opening of the survey round, and participants were given an additional week to complete the survey before being classified as a non-responder.

The first round consisted of demographic and descriptive questions followed by one open-ended question, asking participants to list up to ten specific footwear features that they advised women with RA to look for when seeking retail footwear. Items for round two were generated based on the open-ended results of round one combined with additional items from the results of a scoping review which mapped the literature assessing footwear in arthritis [15], and a qualitative analysis of female patients with RAs’ perspectives on retail footwear [8]. In round two, participants were asked to rate fifty-eight (n = 58) items relating to retail footwear features for women with RA (S1 Table). All participants used a 9-point rating scale (1 = not at all important; 9 = absolutely essential) [16]. Consensus was defined by the RAND/University of California Los Angeles disagreement index (RAND/UCLA DI) whereby values >1 indicated panel disagreement or extreme variation in findings [16]. The lower the RAND/UCLA DI, the lower the level of disagreement (i.e. the higher the level of agreement) [16]. Medians, 30th and 70th percentile ranges were calculated for each item. Items which had median scores of between four and six, or where there was disagreement (RAND/UCLA DI > 1) were considered lacking consensus and were taken back to participants for further consideration in round three. Items where the median score was between seven and nine and RAND/UCLA DI <1 were considered agreed important, and items with a median score between one and three and a RAND/UCLA DI <1 were considered agreed not important. In round three, each item also included the group median rating and 30-70th percentile range results from round two. All participants were emailed a copy of their individual responses from round two. The third round gave participants opportunity to change their answers in light of the group’s average. If the median score on items without consensus remained unchanged between rounds, the items were confirmed as lacking consensus.

Data analysis

Demographic data for all participants was collected and analysed using IBM Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Means and standard deviations were calculated for descriptive data, and for content items, medians and 30th- 70th percentile ranges were calculated.

Results

Delphi panel

Thirty-nine (n = 39) participants responded to the first round (Table 1), seventeen (n = 44%) were female with mean (SD) of 23 (10) years since qualifying as a health professional. The majority of participants were podiatrists (n = 21, 54%), but also included rheumatologists (n = 12, 31%), a physiotherapist (n = 1, 3%), rheumatology nurses (N = 2, 5%), a rehabilitation physician (n = 1, 3%) and health-related researchers (n = 2, 5%). The majority of participants were based in the United Kingdom (n = 16, 41%). Thirty-three (n = 33) responses were received for the second round, and thirty (n = 30) in the third round.

Table 1

Descriptive data of Delphi panel.

Round 1Round 2Round 3
Invites (n)753933
Responses (n)393330
Completion rate (%)448591
Sex n (%)Female22 (56)20 (61)19 (58)
male17 (44)13 (39)11 (37)
Podiatrist n (%)21 (54)17 (52)16 (53)
Rheumatologist n (%)12 (31)11 (33)10 (33)
Physiotherapist n (%)1 (3)1 (3)1 (3)
Nurse n (%)2 (5)2 (6)1 (3)
Rehabilitation medicine researcher n (%)1 (3)00
Rheumatology researcher n (%)2 (5)2 (6)2 (7)
Years in practice mean years, (SD)23.10 (9)24.03 (9)22.73 (10)
Location (n, %)Europe19 (49)15 (46)13 (43)
USA3 (8)3 (9)3 (10)
Australia6 (15)6 (18)6 (20)
New Zealand11 (28)9 (27)8 (27)

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Results of Delphi survey

Fifty-one items (n = 51) were generated from the panel following round one. Themes were developed and included: general footwear fit and acceptability, specific footwear characteristics including heel, rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, upper, outsole, fixation, and miscellaneous. These items, were taken to the panel in round two (n = 58). There was agreement that two items were not important; shoes should be one size larger than required (median 2 IPR 2–4); and shoes should be slip-on (median 3.0 IPR 2–5). Thirty-six (n = 36) items were agreed as important and twenty (n = 20) did not achieve consensus (Table 2). One item from round two (women should own two pairs of shoes which can be alternated) had a RAND/UCLA DI of 1.62 indicating disagreement and was taken back to the panel in round three for further consideration. Following round three, a further two items were accepted and eighteen (n = 18) did not reach consensus with minimal change between median scores from round two to round three, with all items RAND/UCLA DI index scores under one indicating no disagreement. Therefore, the Delphi survey was closed.

Table 2

Results of the Delphi exercise for important features of retail footwear for women with RA.

Footwear Item CategoryItemMedian score (30–70 IPR)ADIA
General Shoe Fit
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should be appropriately sized, with adequate length and width (2)9 (9–9)0
Shoes should be deep enough to accommodate an orthoses/insert (2)8 (7–8.8)0.26
Shoes should not have seams over pressure areas or deformities (2)9 (7.2–9)0.21
Shoes should avoid pressure points in the foot (2)9 (8–9)0.11
Shoe shape should be relevant to foot shape (2)8 (7–9)0.29
Agreed Not Important (round*)
Shoes should be one size larger than required (2)2.0 (2–4)0.29
Did not reach consensus
Women with RA should be professionally fitted for their footwear6.0 (6–7)0.25
Women should own two pairs of shoes which can be alternated5.5 (5–7)0.64
Aesthetic
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should be aesthetically pleasing (2)7 (7–8)0.18
There should be a range of choice in styles available (2)8 (7–8.8)0.26
There should be a range of choice in colours available (2)8 (7–8)0.14
Shoes should be deemed satisfactory by the owner (2)9 (8–9)0.11
Shoes should look feminine (2)7 (6–7)0.18
Shoes should not cause self-consciousness (2)8 (8–9)0.14
Shoes should be appropriate for the social occasion (2)7 (6.2–8)0.33
Did not reach consensus
Shoe comfort should be preferable to aesthetic6.0 (5–7)0.25
Specific Features -Rearfoot/Heel
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should have a sturdy rearfoot (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should have a heel height of no greater than 3 cm (1.5 inches) (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should have a cushioned heel (2)7 (6–7)0.18
Shoes should have a broad heel base (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should contain a heel counter which conforms to the geometry of the calcaneus (2)7 (5–8)0.56
Did not reach consensus
Shoes should not contain a sling back6.0 (5–7)0.25
Shoes should contain a heel stability cup6.0 (6–7)0.25
Shoes should have a stiff heel counter6.0 (6–7)0.25
Specific Features -midfoot/forefoot
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should contain adequate midfoot support (2)7 (6.2–8)0.39
Shoes should have a wide toe box (2)8 (7–8)0.89
Shoes should have a deep toe box (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should contain forefoot to rearfoot cushioning (2)7 (6–7.1)0.5
Shoes should be able to accommodate the toes (2)8 (8–9)0.77
Shoes should have longitudinal arch support (3)7.0 (6–7)0.18
Shoes should contain metatarsal support (3)7.0 (6–7)0.18
Did not reach Consensus
Shoes should contain a semi-rigid shank6.0 (6–6)0
Shoes should have a rocker in metatarsal areas6.0 (5–6)0.25
Shoes should be adjustable in metatarsal areas6.0 (6–7)0.25
Shoes should have a round toe box6.0 (6–7)0.25
Specific Features -Outsole/Upper/Insole
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should have an outsole which is textured and non-slip (2)8 (7–8)0.89
Shoes should have a soft accommodative upper (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should have an upper which is conformable (2)8 (8–9)0.77
Shoes should contain an insole which is removable (2)8 (6–9)0.43
Did not reach Consensus
Shoes should have a thick outsole6.0 (5–6)0.25
Shoes should have a leather upper5.0 (4–5)0.42
Shoes should contain a supportive inlay6.0 (6–7)0.25
Specific Features-Fixation
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should be well secured (2)8 (7–9)0.37
Shoes should be easy to put on and take off (2)8 (8–9)0.77
Shoes should have fastenings which are adjustable (2)8 (6–9)0.43
Agreed Not Important (round*)
Shoes should be slip on (2)3.0 (2–5)0.29
Did not reach Consensus
Shoes should have Velcro fastenings5.0 (5–5)0
Shoes should be lace up5.0 (4–5)0.42
Shoes should have Velcro fastenings5.0 (5–5)0
Specific Features
-Other
Agreed Important (round*)
Shoes should provide adequate shock absorption (2)8 (6–8)0.56
Shoes should be activity appropriate (2)8 (8–9)0.77
Shoes should be made of breathable material (2)7 (5.2–8)0.30
Shoes should be suitable for the weather conditions (warm in winter, cool in summer) (2)8 (7–9)0.37
Shoes should be lightweight (2)7 (6–8)0.37
Shoes should be deemed comfortable by the owner (2)9 (9–9)0
Shoes should be affordable (2)9 (8–9)0.11
Did not reach consensus
Shoes should be made from soft fabric6.0 (5–6)0.25
Shoes should be a boot style if additional support is required6.0 (5–6)0.25
Shoes should contain features found in trainers/running shoes6.0 (6–7)0.25

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AA RAND/UCLA disagreement index of > 1 indicates panel disagreement, a RAND/UCLA DI value of < 1 indicates panel agreement

*- round item reached consensus

Median scores are representative of items scored on a 9 point scale, with 1 indicating an item was ‘not at all important’, and 9 indicating an item was ‘absolutely essential’.

Items were accepted with a median score between 7 and 9 and a RAND/UCLA DI value of <1, Items were rejected with a median score between 1 and 3 and a RAND/UCLA DI value of <1. Items were considered lacking consensus with a mean value between 4 and 6 and/or a RAND/UCLA DI value of >1

IPR–interpercentile range

Six items had a median score of 9 indicating strong agreement from the panel as absolutely essential important features of retail footwear. These included shoes should be affordable (median 9 IPR 8–9), shoes should be deemed comfortable by the owner (median 9 IPR 9–9), shoes should be deemed satisfactory by the owner (median 9 IPR 8–9), shoes should not have seams over pressure areas of deformities (median 9 IPR 7.2–9), shoes should avoid pressure points in the foot (median 9 IPR 8–9) and shoes should be appropriately sized, with adequate length and width (median 9 IPR 9–9). All items reaching agreement are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Important features of retail footwear for women with RA—Items reaching agreement.

Content Item ThemeItem
Footwear CharacteristicsShoes should be appropriately sized, with adequate length and width
Shoes should be deep enough to accommodate an orthoses/insert
Shoes should not have seams over pressure areas or deformities
Shoes should avoid pressure points in the foot
Shoe shape should be relevant to foot shape
Shoes should have a sturdy rearfoot
Shoes should have a heel height of no greater than 3 cm (1.5 inches)
Shoes should have a cushioned heel
Shoes should have a broad heel base
Shoes should contain a heel counter which conforms to the geometry of the calcaneus
Shoes should contain adequate midfoot support
Shoes should have a wide toe box
Shoes should have a deep toe box
Shoes should contain forefoot to rearfoot cushioning
Shoes should be able to accommodate the toes
Shoes should have longitudinal arch support
Shoes should contain metatarsal support
Shoes should have an outsole which is textured and non-slip
Shoes should have a soft accommodative upper
Shoes should have an upper which is conformable
Shoes should contain an insole which is removable
Shoes should be well secured
Shoes should be easy to put on and take off
Shoes should have fastenings which are adjustable
AcceptabilityShoes should provide adequate shock absorption
Shoes should be made of breathable material
Shoes should be suitable for the weather conditions (warm in winter, cool in summer)
Shoes should be lightweight
Shoes should be deemed comfortable by the owner
Shoes should be affordable
There should be a range of choice in styles available
There should be a range of choice in colours available
Psychosocial AspectsShoes should be aesthetically pleasing
Shoes should be activity appropriate
Shoes should be deemed satisfactory by the owner
Shoes should look feminine
Shoes should not cause self-consciousness
Shoes should be appropriate for the social occasion

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The content analysis of items generated by the panel revealed three broad themes, footwear characteristics, which included items relating to the construction of the shoe and its anatomical features. Items such as: shoes should have a soft accommodative upper, shoes should have a sturdy rearfoot and shoes should have a heel height of no greater than 3cm were contained within this theme. The second theme, footwear acceptability related to women’s personal preferences and satisfaction. Items such as shoes should be available in a range of colours and styles, and shoes should be affordable were contained within this theme. The third theme, the psychosocial aspects of footwear, contained items such as shoes should look feminine and shoes should not cause self-consciousness.

Important items included those relating to sizing and fit, aesthetic, satisfaction, comfort, cushioning, fastening, heel height, toe box shape, material, weight and insole removability (Table 2). The panel agreed that shoes should be appropriately sized, with adequate length and width, be deep enough to accommodate an orthoses/insert, not have seams over pressure areas or deformities, and avoid pressure points in the foot.

There was consensus that shoes should be aesthetically pleasing, be available in a range of colours and styles, be deemed acceptable by the owner, look feminine, not cause self-consciousness, be appropriate for the social occasion and activity appropriate. There was also agreement that comfort, cushioning (in the heel, midfoot and forefoot) and affordability were very important. Important footwear characteristics relating to the rearfoot of the shoe included: a sturdy rearfoot, cushioned heel, broad heel base, heel height of no greater than 3 cm and a heel counter which conforms to the geometry of the calcaneus. Adequate midfoot support, metatarsal support and longitudinal arch support were all accepted as important midfoot features of a retail shoe. Important forefoot features included a toe box which was wide and deep, and able to accommodate toes. Other features included fastenings which were adjustable, well secured, and easy to put on and take off. Footwear made of breathable material, a conformable upper, textured outsole, lightweight with adequate shock absorption were also accepted as important features.

There was no agreement about the importance of the following items after round three: need for professional fitting, needing to own two pairs of shoes which can be alternated; that comfort should be preferable to aesthetic. Agreement was not reached about the importance of specific rearfoot footwear features including the need for a shoe to contain a heel stability cup, a stiff heel counter and absence of a sling back. Agreement was not reached about the importance of midfoot and forefoot features including a metatarsal rocker, adjustability in metatarsal areas, a round toe box and a semi-rigid shank; and other general features including leather upper, supportive inlay, Velcro® fastenings, lace-up fastening, containing features found in running shoes, made from soft fabric and a boot style if support is required.

Discussion

This Delphi exercise sought to generate agreement between health care professionals about important features of retail footwear for women with RA. The panel of expert clinicians and researchers reached consensus on thirty-eight items which were considered important (Table 3). The footwear characteristics identified by the panel had two overarching themes. Footwear characteristics, which included items related to the construction of the shoe and its anatomical features. The second theme, acceptability and the psychosocial aspects of footwear, included items relating to women’s personal preferences and satisfaction.

Consistent with previous research of patient perspectives on retail footwear, items such as comfort, aesthetic, ease of fastening, weight, and upper material reached consensus as important [8, 9, 17, 18]. However, unique to this study, were items relating to shoe design such as the need for mid-foot support, metatarsal support and longitudinal arch support. Although health professionals may be able to assess footwear for these features, many women with RA would need to receive information about how to identify retail footwear which contains these specific features. Furthermore, many of these features would not be visible, so some understanding of footwear materials and design would be needed to determine if these aspects were present. Footwear manufacturers, retailers and retail staff would also need to make information concerning footwear characteristics readily available and presented in a manner which is easily understood. However, simpler design aspects which were agreed upon such as heel height, fixation method, and outsole material may be more easily communicated to patients due to their visibility. Some of these shoe features have also been previously identified as key footwear design features for different populations, such as older adults [19].

Important features of retail footwear for women with RA extends beyond physical design and technical characteristics. The wearer of the shoe, their opinions and perceptions are important, which has been identified in previous research, and also in the current study. Items relating to acceptability including affordability, comfort and aesthetic were identified as important features by the panel, consistent with previous research investigating RA patient perceptions of footwear [3, 8, 9]. Furthermore, the psychosocial aspects of footwear including femininity, self-consciousness and appropriateness for the social occasion were also confirmed as important features [3, 8, 9]. This confirms the importance of these features and how patient opinion should be carefully considered and integrated into the footwear management plan. Previous research has confirmed the psychosocial aspects of footwear impact on wear habits, that if women with RA possess footwear which they deem unsatisfactory in any way, they are more likely to restrict their wear time and potentially not gain the potential benefits of use [3, 6].

People with RA often wear footwear lacking supportive mechanisms, cushioning, and protection of toe regions. This may be reflective of the difficulties people with RA face in obtaining retail footwear which suits their needs [18]. Furthermore, when seeking advice on footwear from health professionals, women with RA do not find this advice useful [8]. Comfort is a consistent theme in the literature relating to footwear in RA, with patients consistently seeking comfort from their footwear [8, 9]. This was further confirmed as an important feature by the Delphi panel who agreed that comfort was absolutely essential. Health professionals have a responsibility to support and guide women with RA about what footwear features are important, and what will give them the best chance at achieving comfort.

The results of this study should be considered in light of some limitations. Although every effort was made to recruit a broad range of participants, some experts may have been omitted and their opinions not included. The recommendations of the panel may not be generalizable to different countries due to cultural differences. Furthermore patients were not included in this Delphi study, however, a previous research paper which explored women with RA’s experience and preferences of footwear and items from this paper were included in items which were rated by the panel [8].

Future recommendations

Based on the results of this Delphi survey, future studies should aim to validate the recommendations made by the panel, determine how these findings align with patients’ views, and development of a patient reported outcome measure for retail footwear for use by clinicians and researchers should be considered. Furthermore, footwear manufacturers should take note of specific features which were considered important for women with RA and integrate these into future footwear designs.

Conclusion

The expert panel identified 38 specific features that are important in retail footwear for women with RA. Retail footwear for women with RA should be affordable, comfortable, aesthetically pleasing, and also have characteristics such as a wide toe box, a conformable upper, removable insole, and adjustable fastenings. Health professionals should consider these important features when recommending retail footwear to women with RA.

Supporting information

S1 Table

Supporting Information.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.(18K, docx)

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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19. Menz HB, Sherrington C: The Footwear Assessment Form: a reliable clinical tool to assess footwear characteristics of relevance to postural stability in older adults. Clinical Rehabilitation2000, 14(6):657–664. 10.1191/0269215500cr375oa [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

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  • Decision Letter 0

2019; 14(12): e0226906.

Published online 2019 Dec 27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226906.r001

Peter M ten Klooster, Academic Editor

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29 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-30180

Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey

PLOS ONE

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Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: This Delphi study about features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis is very important and strongly needed. The study is well designed consisted experts worldwide. Couple of minor points to revise:

-Background is very short. Can you consider broadening it to take into account footwear adherence and related factors.

-Dot is missing before the aim of the study at the end of Background.

-Through the text you separate the UK from Europe, to my knowledge UK is part of Europe. Moreover, in text and Table 1 location is based on coutry or continent - can you unify these? Maybe report countries where the experts came?

-Maybe one recommendation could also be for footwear manufacturer? And inclusion of the to future research projects.

Thank you, very good study and well written.

Reviewer #2: Thank you for the opportunity to review this manuscript. It is of interest to researchers and health professionals who provide foot care and advice for people who have RA.

My comments are minor and primarily relating to some of the grammar only.

Abstract - research is performed with participants rather than on participants. Please consider modifying to:

An international Delphi exercise using online survey software was conducted with 39 participants from health care backgrounds.

Also, there are multiple sentences that are missing full stops. Please reread and correct.

Introduction:

Consider amending for plural consistency: whilst offering the woman a choice in style

To: whilst offering women choices in style

Methods:

Amending: A sample of health professionals was

To: A sample of health professionals were

Expertise - based on your inclusion criteria - I would suggest that the expertise was footwear prescription rather than just footwear?

At times in the methods section there are tense issues and would urge the authors to use past tense throughout

Results:

female with mean (SD) of 23 (10) mean years - delete duplicate mean

I note that the methods describe presenting the 30th and 70th percentile, IPA and then IQR? Please present one of the other or describe why these have been used in each section.

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: Cylie M Williams

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  • Author response to Decision Letter 0

2019; 14(12): e0226906.

Published online 2019 Dec 27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226906.r002

Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer

1 Dec 2019

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  • PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226906.
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  • Decision Letter 1

2019; 14(12): e0226906.

Published online 2019 Dec 27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226906.r003

Peter M ten Klooster, Academic Editor

Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer

10 Dec 2019

Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey

PONE-D-19-30180R1

Dear Dr. Tehan,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

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Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Thank you for providing these changes. I only have one minor grammar change that I recommend based on the additions and that is to add the word ‘wearing or recommendations’ to the sentence following Spence as you can’t adhere to footwear but I wear to wearing or recommendations.

Lack of adherence with therapeutic footwear is multi-factorial, often compounded by a lack of acceptance of their underlying condition, and a disparity in expectations of the footwear

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes: Minna Stolt

Reviewer #2: Yes: Cylie M Williams

  • PLoS One. 2019; 14(12): e0226906.
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  • Acceptance letter

2019; 14(12): e0226906.

Published online 2019 Dec 27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226906.r004

Peter M ten Klooster, Academic Editor

Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer

17 Dec 2019

PONE-D-19-30180R1

Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey

Dear Dr. Tehan:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact gro.solp@sserpeno.

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With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Peter M ten Klooster

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Articles from PLOS ONE are provided here courtesy of PLOS

Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey (2024)

FAQs

What shoes are best for rheumatoid arthritis? ›

Wide, rubber-soled wedges with thick forefoot platforms help stiffen shoes to prevent painful joint movement, absorb joint-rattling ground contacts and decrease the heel-to-toe drop so you can raise your style without exceeding the 1.5- to 2-inch heel height maximum that experts recommend.

What shoes are good for arthritic feet? ›

A soft-soled shoe with a rolling motion will therefore help to alleviate the pain by reducing heel strike and encouraging the foot to roll forwards, taking pressure from the joints moving. Osteoarthritic knees also benefit from the extra shock absorption provided by rocker sole or rolling motion footwear.

Are barefoot shoes good for arthritis? ›

Go barefoot

For people with osteoarthritis of the knee, walking barefoot may be even better than wearing some types of shoes. That's because barefoot walking reduces the load on the knee joint. When you can't go barefoot, flip-flops are another option.

Are Hoka shoes good for osteoarthritis? ›

They have all the stability features you need while still providing balanced cushioning. Thanks to Hoka's J-Frame technology, these shoes help prevent overpronation (inward rolling), and many people with arthritis need stability to limit excessive motion in arthritic joints in the foot to prevent pain.

Can shoes affect rheumatoid arthritis? ›

Shoe wear for patients with RA

In persons with RA, shoes, like their orthotic counterparts, should reduce plantar pressure and stress while stabilizing the foot and ankle.

How to choose shoes for arthritis? ›

Best shoes for arthritis
  1. Sturdy sole. The first step is to look for something with the right sole. ...
  2. Comfortable fit. She also recommends making sure that the shoe is roomy in the toe box. ...
  3. Avoid high and flat shoes. Helen also recommends staying clear of high heels. ...
  4. Balancing fashion and comfort.
Mar 22, 2023

What shoes do orthopedic surgeons recommend? ›

Klaw 528
  • Klaw 528. Best orthopedic shoe overall. ...
  • More options. Dansko Fawna Mary Jane for Women. ...
  • More options. Cole Haan Men's Original Grand Shortwing Oxford. ...
  • Hoka Bondi 8. Best orthopedic walking shoe. ...
  • More options. Puma Deviate Nitro 2 Running Shoes. ...
  • More options. ...
  • Vionic Karmelle Oxford Casual Sneaker. ...
  • Kuru Atom.
Mar 21, 2024

What is the best anti-inflammatory for arthritis in the foot? ›

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Our doctors often recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce swelling and relieve pain in foot and ankle joints affected by arthritis. NSAIDs are taken by mouth, and many, including ibuprofen and naproxen, are available over the counter.

Are Clarks shoes good for arthritis? ›

There's a host of shoe manufacturers known for being an especially good fit for people who have arthritis. Clark's, Vionic, Orthofeet, and Klogs are some of the brands both recommended by members the CreakyJoints community and approved by the foot experts we talked to. Mephisto, Drew, and Ecco are other good options.

Are Crocs good for arthritic feet? ›

If you spend most of the day standing or walking, you might be tempted to wear Crocs since they feel comfortable. They may feel nice on your feet, but they don't provide the support you need when walking or standing for long periods of time. As a result, you'll probably have sore feet later on.

What exercises should you avoid with arthritis in your feet? ›

For arthritis that affects the joints, running, jogging, jumping rope, high impact aerobics or any other exercise where both feet are off the ground at the same time are to be avoided.

Should walking shoes be stiff or flexible? ›

Walking shoes should be flexible through the ball of the foot to allow for a greater range of motion through the roll of the forefoot. These shoes also should have greater arch support for the foot. If you plan on walking long distances or on hard surfaces, it is best that you wear shoes that have cushioning.

Is Hoka owned by Nike? ›

Hoka was purchased on April 1, 2013 by Deckers Brands, the parent company for UGG, Teva and other footwear brands. In 2023, an article in Men's Health magazine claimed that "when it comes to the combination of high comfort and lightweight materials, the shoemaker is in a league of its own".

Are memory foam shoes good for arthritis? ›

Shoes with cushioning are the best footwear for those with foot arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. When shopping for your next pair of shoes, look for footwear with cushioned insoles or memory foam footbeds.

What is the best Hoka shoe for arthritic feet? ›

I find that the HOKA Bondi provides excellent support and stability. Accordingly, I have happily recommended them to friends and colleagues.”

What is not good for rheumatoid arthritis? ›

High in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats, processed foods can cause inflammation, weight gain, and heart problems. Not only are they bad for RA, but they're also bad for your overall health.

What should I wear for rheumatoid arthritis? ›

Choose loose clothing

“When shopping for clothes, it's worth picking looser-fitting or slightly larger sizes,” explains Christina. “For trousers or skirts, it might also be worth buying clothes that have an elasticated waist. Just check the elastic isn't too tight. They'll be easier to pull on and off.

Why do my feet hurt so bad with rheumatoid arthritis? ›

With loss of the arch, the foot commonly collapses and the front of the foot points outward. RA also damages the cartilage, causing arthritic pain that is present with or without shoes. Over time, the shape of the foot can change because the structures that support it degenerate.

What happens to your feet with rheumatoid arthritis? ›

Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis that you may experience in your feet can vary from soreness, warmth and swelling (a flare) of one or more foot joints that last a few days or longer, through to joint erosions, with joint instability, pain and associated changing foot shape.

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